Method, device and system of reduced peak-to-average-ratio communication

ABSTRACT

Some embodiments include devices, methods and/or systems of reduced peak-to-average-ratio communication. An apparatus may include a transmitter to transmit a transmission corresponding to an input signal, wherein the transmitter may include a peak-to-average-ratio-reduction transformer to generate a plurality of transformed data components by applying a predefined peak-to-average-ratio-reduction transform scheme to a plurality of fine constellation data components corresponding to the input signal, wherein a peak-to-average-ratio corresponding to the plurality of transformed data components is lower than a peak-to-average-ratio corresponding to the plurality of fine-constellation data components; and a transmission module to generate the transmission based at least on the plurality of transformed data components. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

CROSS-REFERENCE(S) TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.11/971,934, filed Jan. 10, 2008, all of which are hereby incorporated byreference in their entirety.

FIELD

Some embodiments relate generally to the field of communication and,more particularly, to wireless communication including videoinformation.

BACKGROUND

Wireless communication has rapidly evolved over the past decades. Eventoday, when high performance and high bandwidth wireless communicationequipment is made available there is demand for even higher performanceat a higher bandwidth.

Video signals may be generated by various video sources, for example, acomputer, a game console, a Video Cassette Recorder (VCR), aDigital-Versatile-Disc (DVD), or any other suitable video source. Inmany houses, for example, video signals are received through cable orsatellite links at a Set-Top Box (STB) located at a fixed point.

In many cases, it may be desired to place a screen or projector at alocation in a distance of at least a few meters from the video source.This trend is becoming more common as flat-screen displays, e.g., plasmaor Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) televisions are hung on a wall.Connection of such a display or projector to the video source throughcables is generally undesired for aesthetic reasons and/or installationconvenience. Thus, wireless transmission of the video signals from thevideo source to the screen is preferred.

SUMMARY

Some demonstrative embodiments include an apparatus having a transmitterto transmit a transmission corresponding to an input signal. Thetransmitter may include a peak-to-average-ratio-reduction transformer togenerate a plurality of transformed data components by applying apredefined peak-to-average-ratio-reduction transform scheme to aplurality of fine constellation data components corresponding to theinput signal, wherein a peak-to-average-ratio corresponding to theplurality of transformed data components is lower than apeak-to-average-ratio corresponding to the plurality offine-constellation data components; and a transmission module togenerate the transmission based at least on the plurality of transformeddata components.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the input signal may include a videosignal, the transmission may include a wireless transmissioncorresponding to the video signal, and the transmission module mayinclude a radio-frequency module.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter may include adata-component mapper to map a plurality of data components representingthe video signal into the plurality of fine-constellation datacomponents and a plurality of coarse-constellation data components. Thetransmission module may generate the transmission based on the pluralityof transformed data components and the plurality of coarse-constellationdata components.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the peak-to-average-ratio-reductiontransformer is to apply a predefined Hadamard transformation to the fineconstellation data components.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the peak-to-average-ratio-reductiontransformer is to multiply a block of a predefined number of the fineconstellation data components by a predefined Hadamard transformationmatrix.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter may include aplurality of antennas to transmit the wireless transmission, and theradio-frequency module may include a framer to construct a wirelesstransmission frame of the transmission by mapping the transformed datacomponents to a plurality of sets of fine frequency bins, and to apply apredefined antenna-mapping transformation to at least one set oftransformed data components, which are mapped to a common fine frequencybin.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the framer is to multiply the set oftransformed data components by a Hadamard transformation matrix having anumber of rows equal to a number of the plurality of antennas.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the peak-to-average-ratio-reductiontransformer may include a divider to divide the fine constellation datacomponents into a plurality of streams, wherein a number of theplurality of streams is equal to a number of the plurality of antennas;and a plurality of transformation modules to apply the transformation tothe plurality of streams, respectively, wherein each of the streams mayinclude fine constellation data components to be mapped by the framer todifferent fine frequency bins.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter may include acoefficient generator to generate a plurality of transformationcoefficients representing the video signal by applying a predefinedcoefficient-generation transformation to the video signal. The pluralityof data components may include the plurality of transformationcoefficients.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the coefficient-generationtransformation may include a transformation from a spatial domain to afrequency domain.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the coefficient-generationtransformation may include a discrete-cosine-transform or a wavelettransformation.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the apparatus may include a videosource to generate the video signal.

Some demonstrative embodiments include a method of transmittingtransmission corresponding to an input signal, the method may includeapplying to a plurality of fine constellation data componentscorresponding to the input signal a predefinedpeak-to-average-ratio-reduction transform scheme to generate a pluralityof transformed data components, wherein a peak-to-average-ratiocorresponding to the plurality of transformed data components is lowerthan a peak-to-average-ratio corresponding to the plurality offine-constellation data components; and transmitting the transmissionbased at least on the plurality of transformed data components.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the input signal may include a videosignal, and the transmission may include a wireless transmissioncorresponding to the video signal.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the method may include mapping aplurality of data components representing the video signal into theplurality of fine-constellation data components and a plurality ofcoarse-constellation data components. The transmitting may includetransmitting the wireless transmission based on the plurality oftransformed data components and the plurality of coarse-constellationdata components.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the applying may include applying apredefined Hadamard transformation to the fine constellation datacomponents.

In some demonstrative embodiments, applying the Hadamard transformationmay include multiplying a block of a predefined number of the fineconstellation data components by a predefined Hadamard transformationmatrix.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitting the wirelesstransmission may include transmitting the wireless transmission via aplurality of antennas, and the method may include constructing awireless transmission frame of the transmission by mapping thetransformed data components to a plurality of sets of fine frequencybins; and applying a predefined antenna-mapping transformation to atleast one set of transformed data components, which are mapped to acommon fine frequency bin.

In some demonstrative embodiments, applying the antenna-mappingtransformation may include multiplying the set of transformed datacomponents by a Hadamard transformation matrix having a number of rowsequal to a number of the plurality of antennas.

In some demonstrative embodiments, applying the Hadamard transformationmay include dividing the fine constellation data components into aplurality of streams, wherein a number of the plurality of streams isequal to a number of the plurality of antennas; and applying theHadamard transformation to the plurality of streams, respectively,wherein each of the streams may include fine constellation datacomponents to be mapped to different fine frequency bins.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the method may include applying apredefined coefficient-generation transformation to the video signal togenerate a plurality of transformation coefficients representing thevideo, wherein the plurality of data components may include theplurality of transformation coefficients.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the coefficient-generationtransformation may include a transformation from a spatial domain to afrequency domain.

Some demonstrative embodiments include a system including a wirelesstransmitter to transmit a wireless transmission corresponding to aninput video signal, and a wireless receiver to receive the wirelesstransmission and to generate an output video signal corresponding to thewireless transmission. The transmitter may include a data-componentmapper to map a plurality of data components representing the videosignal into a plurality of fine-constellation data components and aplurality of coarse-constellation data components; apeak-to-average-ratio-reduction transformer to generate a plurality oftransformed data components by applying to the plurality of fineconstellation data components a predefinedpeak-to-average-ratio-reduction transform scheme, wherein apeak-to-average-ratio corresponding to the plurality of transformed datacomponents is lower than a peak-to-average-ratio corresponding to theplurality of fine-constellation data components; and a radio-frequencymodule to generate the wireless transmission based on the plurality oftransformed data components and the plurality of coarse-constellationdata components.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the peak-to-average-ratio-reductiontransformer is to apply a predefined Hadamard transformation to the fineconstellation data components.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the peak-to-average-ratio-reductiontransformer is to multiply a block of a predefined number of the fineconstellation data components by a predefined Hadamard transformationmatrix.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter may include aplurality of antennas to transmit the wireless transmission, and theradio-frequency module may include a framer to construct a wirelesstransmission frame of the transmission by mapping the transformed datacomponents to a plurality of sets of fine frequency bins, and to apply apredefined antenna-mapping transformation to at least one set oftransformed data components, which are mapped to a common fine frequencybin.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the transmitter may include acoefficient generator to generate a plurality of transformationcoefficients representing the video signal by applying a predefinedcoefficient-generation transformation to the video signal, wherein theplurality of data components comprise the plurality of transformationcoefficients.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the system may include a video sourceto generate the input video signal.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the system may include a videodestination to display a video image based on the output video signal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in thefigures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, thedimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to otherelements for clarity of presentation. Furthermore, reference numeralsmay be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogouselements. Moreover, some of the blocks depicted in the drawings may becombined into a single function. The figures are listed below.

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a wireless video communicationsystem, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments;

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a wireless transmitter, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments;

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a wireless receiver, in accordancewith some demonstrative embodiments;

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a bin-mapping scheme, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments; and

FIG. 5 is a schematic flow-chart illustration of a method of wirelessvideo communication, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth in order to provide a thorough understanding of some embodiments.However, it will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the artthat some embodiments be practiced without these specific details. Inother instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, unitsand/or circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscurethe discussion.

Unless specifically stated otherwise, as apparent from the followingdiscussions, it is appreciated that throughout the specificationdiscussions utilizing terms such as “processing,” “computing,”“calculating,” “determining”, or the like, refer to the action and/orprocesses of a computer or computing system, or similar electroniccomputing device, that manipulate and/or transform data represented asphysical, such as electronic, quantities within the computing system'sregisters and/or memories into other data similarly represented asphysical quantities within the computing system's memories, registers orother such information storage, transmission or display devices. Inaddition, the term “plurality” may be used throughout the specificationto describe two or more components, devices, elements, parameters andthe like.

It should be understood that some embodiments may be used in a varietyof applications. Although embodiments of the invention are not limitedin this respect, one or more of the methods, devices and/or systemsdisclosed herein may be used in many applications, e.g., civilapplications, military applications, medical applications or any othersuitable application. In some demonstrative embodiments the methods,devices and/or systems disclosed herein may be used in the field ofconsumer electronics, for example, as part of any suitable television,video Accessories, Digital-Versatile-Disc (DVD), multimedia projectors,Audio and/or Video (A/V) receivers/transmitters, gaming consoles, videocameras, video recorders, and/or automobile A/V accessories. In somedemonstrative embodiments the methods, devices and/or systems disclosedherein may be used in the field of Personal Computers (PC), for example,as part of any suitable desktop PC, notebook PC, monitor, and/or PCaccessories. In some demonstrative embodiments the methods, devicesand/or systems disclosed herein may be used in the field of professionalA/V, for example, as part of any suitable camera, video camera, and/orA/V accessories. In some demonstrative embodiments the methods, devicesand/or systems disclosed herein may be used in the medical field, forexample, as part of any suitable endoscopy device and/or system, medicalvideo monitor, and/or medical accessories. In some demonstrativeembodiments the methods, devices and/or systems disclosed herein may beused in the field of security and/or surveillance, for example, as partof any suitable security camera, and/or surveillance equipment. In somedemonstrative embodiments the methods, devices and/or systems disclosedherein may be used in the fields of military, defense, digital signage,commercial displays, retail accessories, and/or any other suitable fieldor application.

Although embodiments of the invention are not limited in this respect,one or more of the methods, devices and/or systems disclosed herein maybe used to wirelessly transmit video signals, for example,High-Definition-Television (HDTV) signals, between at least one videosource and at least one video destination. In other embodiments, themethods, devices and/or systems disclosed herein may be used totransmit, in addition to or instead of the video signals, any othersuitable signals, for example, any suitable multimedia signals, e.g.,audio signals, between any suitable multimedia source and/ordestination.

Although some demonstrative embodiments are described herein withrelation to wireless communication including video information,embodiments of the invention are not limited in this respect and someembodiments may be implemented to perform wireless communication of anyother suitable information, for example, multimedia information, e.g.,audio information, in addition to or instead of the video information.Some embodiments may include, for example, a method, device and/orsystem of performing wireless communication of A/V information, e.g.,including audio and/or video information. Accordingly, one or more ofthe devices, systems and/or methods described herein with relation tovideo information may be adapted to perform wireless communication ofA/V information.

Reference is made to FIG. 1, which schematically illustrates a wirelessvideo communication system 100, in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments.

In some demonstrative embodiments, system 100 may include a wirelesstransmitter 106 to transmit a wireless video transmission 112, based atleast on an input video signal 104. System 100 may also include anysuitable video source 102 capable of generating video signal 104, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmission 112 may include aplurality of Peak-to-Average-Ratio (PAR) transformed data components116, as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 106 may include adata-component mapper 160 to map a plurality of data components 132representing video signal 104 into a plurality of fine-constellationdata components 136 and a plurality of coarse-constellation datacomponents 137, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 106 may also include aPAR Reducing (PARR) transformer 114 to generate transformed datacomponents 116 by applying a predefined PARR transforming scheme tofine-constellation data components 136, for example, such that a PARcorresponding to transformed data components 116 may be lower than a PARcorresponding to fine-constellation data components 136, e.g., asdescribed in detail below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 106 may also include aRadio-Frequency (RF) module 118 to generate wireless transmission 112based on transformed data components 116 and coarse-constellation datacomponents 137. RF module 118 may modulate data components 116 and 137according to any suitable modulation scheme, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, data components 132 may include aplurality of transformation coefficients. For example, transmitter 106may also include a coefficient generator 151, to generate thetransformation coefficients, for example, by applying a predefinedcoefficient-generation transformation to video signal 104. Thecoefficient-generation transformation may include, for example, ade-correlating transformation, e.g., a transformation from a spatialdomain to a frequency domain. In one example, the coefficient-generationtransformation may include a discrete-cosine-transform (DCT) or awavelet transformation e.g., as described in U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/551,641, entitled “Apparatus and method for uncompressed,wireless transmission of video”, filed Oct. 20, 2006, and published May3, 2007, as US Patent Application Publication US 2007-0098063 (“the '641Application”), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference. For example, coefficient generator 151 may perform thede-correlating transform on a plurality of color components, e.g., inthe format Y—Cr-Cb, representing pixels of video signal 104, asdescribed in the '641 Application.

In some demonstrative embodiments, data components 132 may includetransformation coefficients having different frequencies, e.g., asdescribed by the '641 Application. Mapper 160 may map the transformationcoefficients into a fine-constellation data components 136 andcoarse-constellation data components 137 according to any suitablemapping scheme, for example, as described in the '641 Application. Inone example, mapper 160 may map Most Significant Bits (MSBs) and LeastSignificant Bits (LSBs) of the transformation coefficients tofine-constellation data components 136 and coarse-constellation datacomponents 137 based on any suitable mapping criterion. For example,mapper 160 may map the MSBs representing quantized values of a first setof one or more of the transformation coefficients, e.g., including oneor more low frequency coefficients, to coarse-constellation datacomponents 137. Mapper 160 may map to fine-constellation data components136 the LSBs representing quantization errors of the first set ofcoefficients, and/or values of a second set of one or more of thetransformation coefficients, e.g., including high frequencycoefficients, as described in the '641 Application. In one example, thetransformation coefficients may be represented by 11-bit values.According to this example, mapper 160 may map three MSBs of each of aplurality of low frequency coefficients to a respectivecoarse-constellation symbol coarse-constellation data components 137;and map eight LSBs of each of the plurality of low frequencycoefficients, together with values of a plurality of high-frequencycoefficients to fine constellation symbols of fine-constellation datacomponents 136. A fine constellation symbol of fine-constellation datacomponents 136 may have real and imaginary components, eachrepresenting, for example, a LSB component of a coefficient of thetransformation coefficients. A plurality of coarse constellation symbolsof coarse-constellation data components 137 may represent, for example,MSB components of a plurality of the transformation coefficients,respectively.

In some demonstrative embodiments, PARR transformer 114 may apply alinear transformation to data components 136, for example, a Hadamardtransform, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 106 may also include oneor more antennas 110 to transmit transmission 112. In some non-limitingembodiments, antennas 110 may include a plurality of antennas, e.g.,four antennas as described below. Antennas 110 may include any othersuitable number of antennas, for example, a single antenna, multipletransmitting antennas, or any other configuration. Transmitter 106 mayimplement any suitable transmission method and/or configuration totransmit transmission 112. Although embodiments of the invention are notlimited in this respect, in some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter106 may generate transmission 112 according to anOrthogonal-Division-Frequency-Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme.According to other embodiments, transmitter 106 may generatetransmission 112 according to any other suitable modulation and/ortransmission scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmission 112 may include aMultiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) transmission. For example, RFmodule 118 may modulate data components 116 according to a suitable MIMOmodulation scheme, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, RF module 118 may include a framer108 to construct a wireless transmission frame of transmission 112 bymapping transformed data components 116 to a plurality of sets of finefrequency bins, and mapping coarse-constellation components 137 to aplurality of sets of coarse constellation bins; and to apply apredefined antenna mapping transformation to at least one set of datacomponents, which are mapped to a common fine frequency bin, e.g., asdescribed in detail below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the antenna mapping transformationmay correlate values of the set of data components. As a result, anerror occurring in transmission of the common frequency bin via at leastone of antennas 110 may be “smeared” and/or averaged with thetransmission of the common frequency bin via other antennas of antennas110.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the antenna-mapping transformationmay include a Hadamard transform, e.g., a Hadamard transformation matrixhaving a number of rows equal to a number of antennas 110, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, system 100 may also include awireless receiver 124 to receive transmission 112, e.g., via one or moreantennas 120. Receiver 124 may demodulate transmission 112, and generatean output video signal 146, e.g., corresponding to video signal 104.Video signal 146 may be provided to a video destination 134, which mayinclude any suitable software and/or hardware to handle video signal 146in any suitable manner, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, receiver 124 may implement anysuitable reception method and/or configuration to receive transmission112. Although embodiments of the invention are not limited in thisrespect, in some embodiments, receiver 124 may receive and/or demodulatetransmission 112 according to an OFDM modulation scheme. In otherembodiments, receiver 124 may receive and/or demodulate transmission 112according to any other suitable modulation and/or transmission scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, receiver 124 may include a RF module128 to demodulate transmission 112 into a plurality of PARR transformedfine-constellation data components 130, e.g., corresponding to PARRtransformed data components 116; and a plurality of coarse-constellationdata components 131, e.g., corresponding to coarse-constellation datacomponents 137. In one example, RF module 128 may demodulatetransmission 112 according to a suitable MIMO demodulation scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, RF module 128 may include a framedecoder 148, to decode the wireless transmission frame of transmission112 into fine-constellation data components 130 and coarse-constellationdata components 131, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, receiver 124 may also include a PARRde-transformer 140, to generate a plurality of fine-constellation datacomponents 143, e.g., corresponding to fine-constellation datacomponents 136, by applying to data components 130 a predefined PARRinverse transformation scheme, e.g., an inverse of the PARRtransformation scheme applied by PARR transformer 114, as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, receiver 124 may also include ade-mapper 147 to de-map fine-constellation data components 143 andcoarse-constellation data components 131 into a plurality of datacomponents 149 according to a pre-defined de-mapping scheme, forexample, as described in the '641 Application.

In some demonstrative embodiments, receiver 124 may also include asignal generator 150, to generate video signal 146 based on datacomponents 149. For example, signal generator 150 may apply an inverseof the coefficient-generating transformation applied by coefficientgenerator 151, e.g., an inverse wavelet, an Inverse Discrete CosineTransform (IDCT), or any other suitable transformation, e.g., asdescribed in the '641 application.

In some demonstrative embodiments, video source 102 and transmitter 106may be implemented as part of a video source device 101, e.g., such thatvideo source 102 and transmitter 106 are enclosed in a common housing,packaging, or the like. In other embodiments, video source 102 andtransmitter 106 may be implemented as separate devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, video destination 134 and receiver124 may be implemented as part of a video destination device 103, e.g.,such that video destination 134 and receiver 124 are enclosed in acommon housing, packaging, or the like. In other embodiments, videodestination 134 and receiver 124 may be implemented as separate devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 106 may include or may beimplemented as a wireless communication card, which may be attached tovideo source 102 externally or internally.

In some demonstrative embodiments, receiver 124 may include or may beimplemented as a wireless communication card, which may be attached tovideo destination 134 externally or internally.

Although embodiments of the invention are not limited in this respect,in some demonstrative embodiments video signal 104 may include a videosignal of any suitable video format. In one example, signal 104 mayinclude a HDTV video signal, for example, a compressed or uncompressedHDTV signal, e.g., in a Digital Video Interface (DVI) format, a HighDefinition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) format, a Video Graphics Array(VGA), a VGA DB-15 format, an Extended Graphics Array (XGA) format, andtheir extensions, or any other suitable video format. Video source 102may include any suitable video software and/or hardware, for example, aportable video source, a non-portable video source, a Set-Top-Box (STB),a DVD, a digital-video-recorder, a game console, a PC, a portablecomputer, a Personal-Digital-Assistant, a Video Cassette Recorder (VCR),a video camera, a cellular phone, a television (TV) tuner, a photoviewer, a media player, a video player, a portable-video-player, aportable DVD player, an MP-4 player, a video dongle, a cellular phone,and the like. Video destination 134 may include, for example, a displayor screen, e.g., a flat screen display, a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD),a plasma display, a back projection television, a television, aprojector, a monitor, an audio/video receiver, a video dongle, and thelike. In other embodiments, video signal 104 may include any othersuitable video signal, and/or source 102 and/or destination 134 mayinclude any other suitable video modules.

Although embodiments of the invention are not limited in this respect,types of antennas that may be used for antennas 110 and/or 120 mayinclude but are not limited to internal antenna, dipole antenna,omni-directional antenna, a monopole antenna, an end fed antenna, acircularly polarized antenna, a micro-strip antenna, a diversity antennaand the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the PARR transforming scheme mayinclude a Hadamard transformation. For example, PARR transformer 114 maymultiply a sequence, block, and/or stream of a predefined number,denoted n, of data components 136, indexed 0, 1, . . . , n−1, by aHadamard matrix, denoted H_(n), having n rows and n columns, e.g., asdescribed below. In one example, the number n may include a power oftwo, e.g., 4, 16, 64, 128, or 256. In other examples, the number n mayinclude any other suitable number.

In some embodiments, PARR transformer 114 may, divide the sequence of ndata components into a plurality of streams of data components, andmultiply the data components of the plurality of streams by a respectiveplurality of Hadamard matrices, e.g., as described below with referenceto FIG. 2.

In other embodiments, the PARR transforming scheme may include any othersuitable transformation.

A mxm un-normalized Hadamard matrix, denoted H_(m), may have m rows andm columns, and may include the values “1” and “−1” such that the columnsof the Hadamard matrix are mutually orthogonal, e.g., H_(m)H_(m)T=mI,wherein H_(m) ^(T) denotes a transposed matrix corresponding to thematrix H_(m), and I denotes a unity matrix. Although not limited in thisrespect, in some embodiments the number m may be a power of 2, e.g.,m=2^(l), wherein l is any suitable positive integer. Such matrix may beused, for example, to recursively define matrices including largernumbers of rows and of columns, e.g., as described below. In otherembodiments, the number m may include any other suitable number.

In one example, a 2×2 un-normalized Hadamard matrix, denoted H₂, may bedefined as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{H_{2} = \begin{pmatrix}1 & 1 \\1 & {- 1}\end{pmatrix}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

The un-normalized Hadamard matrix H_(m) may be recursively defined,e.g., as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{H_{m} = {{{kron}\left( {H_{2},H_{m/2}} \right)} = \begin{bmatrix}H_{m/2} & H_{m/2} \\H_{m/2} & {- H_{m/2}}\end{bmatrix}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

A normalized mxm Hadamard matrix, denoted H_(m)′, may be defined, forexample, as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{H_{m}^{\prime} = {\frac{1}{\sqrt{m}}H_{m}}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

The matrix H′_(m) may have an inverse matrix, e.g., since the matrixH′_(m) is a regular matrix. The inverse matrix may be equal to H′_(m),e.g., since the matrix H′_(m) is symmetric:

$\begin{matrix}{{H^{\prime}H^{\prime}} = {{\frac{1}{n}{HH}} = {{\frac{1}{n}{HH}^{T}} = {{\frac{1}{n}{nI}} = I}}}} & (4)\end{matrix}$

Therefore, in some demonstrative embodiments both the Hadamardtransform, e.g., applied by PARR transformer 114, and the inverseHadamard transform, e.g., applied by PARR de-transformer 140, mayinclude the same normalized Hadamard matrix.

In some demonstrative embodiments, PARR transformer 114 may apply to thesequence of n data components 136 the normalized Hadamard matrix H_(n)′,e.g., H₄′, H₁₂′ H₁₆′, H₂₄′, H₆₄′, H₁₂₈′, H₁₄₄′, H₁₆₀′ H₂₅₆′, and/or anyother Hadamard matrix, in accordance with Equation (3).

In some demonstrative embodiments, PARR transformer 114 may divide thesequence of n data components 136 into a plurality of streams, e.g.,four streams, and apply to each stream a normalized Hadamard matrixcorresponding to length of the stream, e.g., H_((n/4))′ if the sequenceis divided into four streams as described below with reference to FIG.2.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a PAR corresponding to transformedfine-constellation data components 116 may be lower than a PARcorresponding to fine-constellation data components 136, e.g., asexplained in detail below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a vector, denoted x, of m zero-mean,independent random variables having m respective variances, denotedσ_(i) ², wherein i=1 . . . m, may have a covariance matrix, denotedC_(x), which may be determined as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{C_{x} = {{E\left\lbrack {xx}^{T} \right\rbrack} = \begin{bmatrix}\sigma_{1}^{2} & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\0 & \sigma_{2}^{2} & \; & \vdots \\\vdots & \; & \ddots & 0 \\0 & \cdots & 0 & \sigma_{m}^{2}\end{bmatrix}}} & (5)\end{matrix}$

A peak power corresponding to the vector x may be max_(j)(σ² _(j)).

In some demonstrative embodiments, a vector, denoted y, resulting frommultiplying the vector x by the normalized Hadamard matrix H′_(m) mayinclude m random variables having covariance matrix, denoted C_(y),e.g., as follows:

y=H′x  (6)

C_(y)=E[yy^(T)]=H′C_(x)H′^(T)  (7)

In some demonstrative embodiments, a total power of the vector y may beequal to the total power of the vector x, e.g., as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{\sum\limits_{i}\; {E\left\lbrack y_{i}^{2} \right\rbrack}} = {{{tr}\left( C_{y} \right)} = {{{tr}\left( {H^{\prime}C_{x}H^{\prime \; T}} \right)} = {{{tr}\left( {H^{\prime \; T}H^{\prime}C_{x}} \right)} = {{tr}\left( C_{x} \right)}}}}} & (8)\end{matrix}$

However, all elements of the vector y may have an equal variance, e.g.,as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{E\left\lbrack y_{i}^{2} \right\rbrack} = {{E\left\lbrack \left( {\sum\limits_{j}\; {h_{ij}^{\prime}x_{j}}} \right)^{2} \right\rbrack} = {{E\left\lbrack {\frac{1}{n}{\sum\limits_{j}{h_{ij}^{2}x_{j}^{2}}}} \right\rbrack} = {\frac{1}{n}{\sum\limits_{j}\; \sigma_{j}^{2}}}}}} & (9)\end{matrix}$

Therefore, the peak power corresponding to the vector y is

${\frac{1}{n}{\sum\limits_{j}\; \sigma_{j}^{2}}},$

which is lower than the peak power max_(j)(σ² _(j)) of the vector x.

In some demonstrative embodiments, it may be assumed that the nfine-constellation data components 136 may have the statisticalproperties of the vector x. Accordingly, a vector of n transformedfine-constellation data components 116 may have the statisticalproperties of the vector y. Therefore, the peak power of the ntransformed fine-constellation data components 116 may be lower than thepeak power of n fine-constellation data components 136. According toEquation 9, the variance of the n transformed fine-constellation datacomponents 116 may be equal to the variance of the n fine-constellationdata components 136. As a result, the PAR of the n transformedfine-constellation data components 116 may be lower than the PAR of then fine-constellation data components 136.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the PAR corresponding to the block ofn transformed fine-constellation data components 116 may be reduced, forexample, by up to approximately a factor of 1/n compared the PARcorresponding to the block of n fine-constellation data components 136,for example, if fine-constellation data components 136 correspond to anedge in a video image of video signal 104, e.g., such that approximatelyone data component of the n fine-constellation data components 136 has avalue substantially different than the values of the other datacomponents.

Reference is made to FIG. 2, which schematically illustrates a wirelesstransmitter 200, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. Insome non-limiting embodiments, transmitter 200 may perform thefunctionality of transmitter 106 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 200 may receive a videoinput signal 202 corresponding, for example, to video signal 104 (FIG.1), or portions thereof. Transmitter 200 may optionally receive anotherinput signal 214, including, for example, audio information and/orcontrol data, and the like. Based on input signal 202, transmitter 200may transmit a plurality of transmission video signals, e.g., foursignals 271, 272, 273 and 274, via a respective plurality of antennas,e.g., antennas 281, 282, 283 and 284.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 200 may include acoefficient generator 204 to generate a plurality of coefficients 206representing input signal 202. Coefficients 206 may include, forexample, a stream, vector and/or sequence of coefficients

In some demonstrative embodiments, coefficients 206 may include aplurality of transform coefficients. For example, generator 204 mayapply to input signal 202 any suitable transformation, e.g., a DCT or awavelet transform, e.g., as described above with reference to FIG. 1. Inother embodiments, transmitter 200 may not include coefficient generator204, e.g., if signal 202 includes coefficients 206.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 200 may include a mapper208 to map coefficients 206 into a first plurality of data components210, and a second plurality of data components 212. In somedemonstrative embodiments, data components 212 may include a pluralityof coarse-constellation data components, and data components 210 mayinclude a plurality of fine-constellation coefficient components, e.g.,as described above with reference to FIG. 1.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 200 may include a PARRtransformer 215 to generate a plurality of transformedfine-constellation data components 238 by applying to data components210 a predefined PARR transformation scheme, e.g., as described herein.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 200 may optionallyinclude a digital data multiplexer 216 to multiplex coarse-constellationdata components 212 and data components of input signal 214 into acombined stream of data components 239.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 200 may include a framer240 to construct a wireless transmission frame including a predefinednumber of frequency bins, e.g., 128 frequency bins. Framer 240 may map,for example, transformed fine-constellation data components 238 to aplurality of sets of fine frequency bins, and may map data components239 to a plurality of sets of coarse frequency bins, e.g., as describedbelow. For example, framer 240 may generate a stream 251 including datacomponents mapped to 128 frequency bins of antenna 281; stream 251including data components mapped to 128 frequency bins of antenna 282;stream 253 including data components mapped to 128 frequency bins ofantenna 283; and/or stream 254 including data components mapped to 128frequency bins of antenna 284, e.g., as described in detail below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 200 may include anInverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) module 260 to generate streams261, 262, 263, and 264 by applying a predefined IFFT to streams 251,252, 253, and 254.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter 200 may also include aDigital to Analog Converter (DAC) 270 to convert signals 261, 262, 263and 264 into analog signals 271, 272, 273 and 274, respectively, to betransmitted through antennas 281, 282, 283 and 284, respectively.

In some demonstrative embodiments, framer 240 may include a bin mapper245 to map transformed fine-constellation data components 238 to aplurality of sets of fine frequency bins, map data components 239 to aplurality of sets of coarse frequency bins, and map a pilot signal 237to a pilot frequency bin, e.g., as described below. For example, binmapper 245 may generate a stream 241 including data components mapped to128 frequency bins of antenna 281; stream 242 including data componentsmapped to 128 frequency bins of antenna 282; stream 243 including datacomponents mapped to 128 frequency bins of antenna 283; and/or stream244 including data components mapped to 128 frequency bins of antenna284, e.g., as described in detail below.

Reference is also made to FIG. 4, which schematically illustrates a binmapping scheme 400 in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. Insome demonstrative embodiments, mapping scheme 400 may be implemented tomap a plurality of coarse constellation components 402, a pilot signal403, and/or a plurality of fine constellation data components 404 into aplurality of frequency bins, e.g., 128 bins, of four streams 406, 408,410, and 412. In some demonstrative embodiments, mapping scheme 400 maybe implemented to de-map the plurality of frequency bins of streams 406,408, 410, and 412 into coarse constellation components 402, pilot signal403, denoted FP, and/or fine constellation data components 404.

As shown in FIG. 4, a first set of four fine constellation components,denoted x(0), x(1), x(2), and x(3), respectively, may be mapped to afirst fine constellation frequency bin 420 of streams 406, 408, 410, and412, respectively; a first set of four coarse constellation components,denoted q(0), q(1), q(2), and q(3), respectively, may be mapped to afour symbols of a first coarse constellation frequency bin 421 ofstreams 406, 408, 410, and 412, respectively; a second set of four fineconstellation components, denoted x(4), x(5), x(6), and x(7),respectively, e.g., immediately successive to the first set offine-constellation data components, may be mapped to four symbols of asecond fine constellation frequency bin 422 of streams 406, 408, 410,and 412, respectively; a third set of four fine constellationcomponents, denoted x(8), x(9), x(10), and x(11), respectively, e.g.,immediately successive to the second set of fine-constellation datacomponents, may be mapped to four symbols of a third fine constellationfrequency bin 423 of streams 406, 408, 410, and 412, respectively; asecond set of four coarse constellation components, denoted q(4), q(5),q(6), and q(7), respectively, e.g., immediately successive to the firstset of coarse-constellation data components, may be mapped to foursymbols of a second coarse constellation frequency bin 424 of streams406, 408, 410, and 412, respectively; pilot signal 403 may be mapped tofour symbols of a pilot frequency bin 425 of streams 406, 408, 410, and412, respectively; a fourth set of four fine constellation components,denoted x(12), x(13), x(14), and x(15), respectively, e.g., immediatelysuccessive to the third set of fine-constellation data components, maybe mapped to four symbols of a fourth fine constellation frequency bin426 of streams 406, 408, 410, and 412, respectively; and so on.Accordingly, in some demonstrative embodiments, each of streams 406,408, 410 and 412 may include a symbol of each of the plurality of bins.

In some demonstrative embodiments, less than four fine-constellationdata components may be mapped to one or more of the fine frequency binsof scheme 400. For example, a specific fine-constellation frequency binmay include only two or three symbols. For example, if bin 422 is toinclude only three symbols and bin 423 is to include four symbols, thenthe data components x(4), x(5), and x(6) may be mapped, for example, tobin 422 of streams 406, 408, and 410, respectively, the value zero maybe mapped to bin 422 of stream 412, and the data components x(7), x(8),x(9) and x (10 may be mapped to bin 423 of streams 406, 408, 410 and412, respectively.

Referring back to FIG. 2, in some demonstrative embodiments bin mapper245 may implement mapping scheme 400 (FIG. 4) to generate streams 241,242, 243, and 244 including streams 406, 408, 410, and 410 (FIG. 4),respectively. In other embodiments, bin mapper 245 may implement anyother suitable bin mapping scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, framer 240 may include a transformmodule 246 to generate streams 251, 252, 253, and 254 by applying to thesymbols of streams 241, 242, 243 and 244 a predefined antenna-mappingtransformation, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transform module 246 may apply theantenna mapping transformation to at least one set of data components,which are mapped to a common fine frequency bin of the plurality offrequency bins. For example, transform module 246 may apply the antennamapping transformation to each set of data components, which are mappedto each of the fine frequency bins. In one demonstrative embodiment, afine-frequency bin, denoted z, may include four values corresponding toup to four fine data components of components 238. For example, bin 422(FIG. 4) may be represented by the vector z(2)=[z0(2), z1(2), z2(2),z3(2)], wherein z0(2), z1(2), z2(2), z3(2) denote the value of bin 422(FIG. 4) of streams 241, 242, 243, and 244, respectively. In oneexample, the vector z(2) may be z(2)=[x(4), x(5), x(6), x(7)], e.g., ifbin 422 (FIG. 4) includes four symbols; or z(2)=[x(4), x(5), x(6), 0],e.g., if bin 422 (FIG. 4) includes only three symbols, as describedabove.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transform module 246 may apply a 4×4Hadamard transform to the at least one set of fine data components. Forexample, transform module 246 may multiple each set of values of eachrespective fine-frequency bin by the Hadamard matrix H′₄, as definedabove. In one example, transform module 246 may apply to the vector z(2)the Hadamard transform, e.g., as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{\overset{\sim}{z}\lbrack 2\rbrack} = {{H_{4}^{\prime}{z\lbrack 2\rbrack}} = {{{\frac{1}{2}\begin{bmatrix}1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\1 & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} \\1 & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} \\1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1\end{bmatrix}}\begin{bmatrix}{x\lbrack 4\rbrack} \\{x\lbrack 5\rbrack} \\{x\lbrack 6\rbrack} \\0\end{bmatrix}} = {\frac{1}{2}\begin{bmatrix}{{x\lbrack 4\rbrack} + {x\lbrack 5\rbrack} + {x\lbrack 6\rbrack}} \\{{x\lbrack 4\rbrack} - {x\lbrack 5\rbrack} + {x\lbrack 6\rbrack}} \\{{x\lbrack 4\rbrack} + {x\lbrack 5\rbrack} - {x\lbrack 6\rbrack}} \\{{x\lbrack 4\rbrack} - {x\lbrack 5\rbrack} - {x\lbrack 6\rbrack}}\end{bmatrix}}}}} & (10)\end{matrix}$

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown by Equation 10 theantenna-mapping transformation may result in “smearing”, or diminishingan error occurring in assigning a value to a symbol of fine bin 422(FIG. 4). For example, if such an error occurs in one of the values, theHadamard transform may “smears” the error on all four values ofcoordinates of the vector z(2), thus diminishing the maximal errorvalue, allowing a value of the erroneous symbol to be reconstructedefficiently, for example, by receiver 124 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, pilot signal 237 may be used forchannel estimation. Pilot signal 327 may be mapped to one or more bins.For example, pilot signal 237 may be mapped to a predefined frequencybin (“fixed pilot bin”), e.g., pilot bin 425 (FIG. 4); and/or as a“moving pilot” signal to one or more other frequency bins, e.g., bin 422(FIG. 4). In some embodiments, transform module 246 may also apply theantenna mapping transformation to one or more of the fixed and/or movingpilot bins. For example, transform module 246 may apply the antennamapping transformation to fixed pilot bin 425 (FIG. 4) and/or to one ormore of the moving pilot bins. Applying the antenna mappingtransformation to the pilot bins may omit the need to apply an inverseantenna-mapping transformation to de-transform the wirelesstransmission, e.g., as described below with reference to FIG. 3.

In some demonstrative embodiments, PARR transformer 215 may include astream divider 218 to divide fine-constellation data components 210 intoa plurality of streams, e.g., including a number of streams equal to thenumber of antennas of transmitter 200. For example, stream divider 218my divide fine-constellation data components 210 into four streams,namely, streams 221, 222, 223 and 224.

In some demonstrative embodiments, divider 218 may divide fineconstellation data components 210 into streams 221, 222, 223 and 224according to the bin-mapping scheme, e.g., scheme 400 (FIG. 4),implemented by bin mapper 245. For example, divider 218 may divide asequence of n data components, indexed 0, 1, . . . , n−1, of fineconstellation data components 210 into streams 221, 222, 223 and 224,such that each of streams 221, 222, 223 and 224 includes up to n/4fine-constellation data components to be mapped by framer 240 todifferent fine frequency bins, e.g., as described above. The sequence ofn components may include, for example, 16, 64, 144, 256, or any othersuitable number of fine-constellation data components.

In some demonstrative embodiments, divider 218 may divide each n fineconstellation data components such that stream 221 includes thefine-constellation data components having the indexes 4 k, wherein k=0 .. . n/4−1; stream 222 includes the fine-constellation data componentshaving the indexes 4 k+1, stream 223 includes the fine-constellationdata components having the indexes 4 k+2; and stream 224 includes thefine-constellation data components having the indexes 4 k+3. If, forexample, n is not divisible by 4, if -streams 221, 22, 223 and/or 224are required to have a pre-defined length, and/or if the sum of thelengths of streams 221, 222, 223 and 224 is smaller than n, one or moreadditional “0” values may be added to one or more of streams 221, 222,223 and/or 224. In other embodiments, stream divider 218 may dividefine-constellation data components 210 into any other suitable number ofstreams, e.g., two streams, three streams, five streams, or any othernumber of streams having equal and/or different lengths.

In some demonstrative embodiments, PARR encoder 215 may include aplurality of transformation modules, for example, transformation modules226, 227, 228, and 229, to apply a respective plurality of PARRtransformations to streams 221, 222, 223, and 224, respectively, togenerate transformed streams 231, 232, 233, and 234, respectively,including transformed fine-constellation data components. For example,each of transformation modules 226, 227, 228, and 229 may apply apredefined PARR transformation, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the predefined PARR transformationmay be, or include, a linear transformation, for example, if streams221, 222, 223 and/or 224 include only real values. In otherdemonstrative embodiments, the PARR transformation may be, or include, anon-linear transformation, e.g., a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), anall-pass filter transformation, for example, if streams 221, 222, 223and/or 224 include complex values.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the linear transformation may includethe Hadamard transform. For example, transformation modules 226, 227,228, and 229 may multiply the data components of streams 221, 222, 223and 224, respectively, by a normalized Hadamard matrix, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, each of transformation modules 226,227, 228, and 229 may multiply the data components of streams 221, 222,223 and 224, respectively, by the normalized Hadamard matrix H_((n/4))′,e.g., in accordance with Equation 3.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a PAR corresponding to transformedfine-constellation data components streams 231, 232, 233, and 234 may belower than a PAR corresponding to fine-constellation data componentsstreams 221, 222, 223, and 224, respectively, e.g., as explained abovewith reference to FIG. 1.

In some demonstrative embodiments, PARR encoder 215 may also include astream combiner 236 to combine streams 231, 232, 233, and 234 into acombined stream of transformed fine-constellation data components 238.Stream combiner 236 may use, for example, a generally reverse scheme tothe scheme implemented by stream divider 218. For example, combiner 236may combine the transformed fine constellation data components of eachof streams 231, 232, 233, and 234 such that the ordering of transformedfine constellation data components 238 corresponds to the ordering offine constellation data components 210. In one example, stream combiner236 may associate consecutive data components of stream 231 with datacomponents having an index 4 k in stream 238; consecutive datacomponents of stream 232 with data components having index values 4 k+1in stream 238; consecutive data components of stream 233 with datacomponents having index values 4 k+2 in stream 238; and consecutive datacomponents of stream 234 with data components having index values 4 k+3in stream 238.

Reference is made to FIG. 3, which schematically illustrates a wirelessreceiver 300, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments. In somenon-limiting embodiments, receiver 300 may perform the functionality ofreceiver 124 (FIG. 1).

In some demonstrative embodiments, receiver 300 may receive a pluralityof signals, e.g., four signals 371, 372, 373 and 374, via a plurality ofantennas, e.g., antennas 381, 382, 383, and 384, respectively. Receiver300 may generate an output video signal 302, e.g., corresponding tosignal 202 (FIG. 2), based on signals 371, 372, 373 and 374. Receivermay optionally generate another output signal 314, e.g., correspondingto signal 214 (FIG. 2), e.g., based on signals 371, 372, 373 and 374.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more elements of receiver 300may perform one or more operations similar, or generally identical tothe operations of one or more respective elements of transmitter 200(FIG. 2); and/or one or more elements of receiver 300 may perform one ormore operations generally inverse to the operations of one or morerespective elements of transmitter 200 (FIG. 2), e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, receiver 300 may include anAnalog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) 370, to convert signals 371, 372, 373,and 374 into digital streams 361, 362, 363, and 364, respectively.

In some demonstrative embodiments, receiver 300 may include a FastFourier Transform (FFT) module 360 to generate streams 354, 353, 352,and 351 by applying a predefined FFT, e.g., inverse to the IFFTperformed by IFFT module 260 (FIG. 2), to streams 361, 362, 363, and364.

In some demonstrative embodiments, receiver 300 may include a framedecoder 340, to decode symbols of frequency bins of streams 351, 352,353 and 354 into fine-constellation data components 338,coarse-constellation data components 339, and a pilot signal 337, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, receiver 300 may also include a PARRde-transformer 315, to generate a plurality of fine-constellation datacomponents 310, e.g., corresponding to fine-constellation datacomponents 338, by applying to data components 338 a predefined PARRinverse transformation scheme, e.g., an inverse of the PARRtransformation scheme applied by PARR transformer 215 (FIG. 2), asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, receiver 300 may optionally include ade-multiplexer 316 to divide data components 339 into a plurality ofcoarse-constellation data components 312 and data components of signal314.

In some demonstrative embodiments, receiver 300 may also include ade-mapper 308 to de-map fine-constellation data components 310 andcoarse-constellation data components 312 into a plurality of datacomponents 306 according to a pre-defined de-mapping scheme, forexample, as described in the '641 Application.

In some demonstrative embodiments, receiver 300 may also include asignal generator 304, to generate video signal 302 based on datacomponents 306. For example, signal generator 304 may apply an inverseof the coefficient-generating transformation applied by coefficientgenerator 204 (FIG. 2).

In some demonstrative embodiments, frame decoder 340 may include aninverse transform module 346 to generate streams 341, 342, 343, and 344by applying to symbols of streams 351, 352, 353, and 354 a predefinedantenna-mapping inverse transformation. For example, transform module346 may apply to the symbols of streams 351, 352, 353, and 354 aninverse of the antenna-mapping transformation implemented by transformmodule 246 (FIG. 2).

In some demonstrative embodiments, transform module 346 may apply theantenna mapping inverse transformation to at least one set of datacomponents, which are mapped to a common fine frequency bin of theplurality of frequency bins. For example, transform module 346 may applythe antenna mapping transformation to each set of data components, whichare mapped to each of the fine frequency bins, e.g., as described above.In one example, transform module 346 may apply a 4×4 Hadamard transformto the at least one set of fine data components. For example, transformmodule 346 may multiple each set of values of each respectivefine-frequency bin by the Hadamard matrix H₄′, as defined above.

In other demonstrative embodiments, transform module 346 may be omittedfrom framer 340, for example, if an antenna mapping transform has beenapplied to pilot signal 237, e.g., by transmitter 200 (FIG. 2), sincefor example, receiver 300 may treat the antenna-mapping transform aspart of the MIMO channel, and may cancel the antenna-mapping transformas a part of an equalization process.

In some demonstrative embodiments, framer 340 may include a binde-mapper 345 to de-map symbols of streams 341, 342, 343, and 344 intodata components 338, data components 339, and pilot signal 337. Forexample, de-mapper 345 may de-map the symbols of streams 341, 342, 343,and 344 according to bin-mapping scheme 400 (FIG. 4), e.g., byperforming an inverse of the mapping operation performed by bun mapper345 (FIG. 3).

In some demonstrative embodiments, PARR de-transformer 315 may include astream divider 336 to divide fine-constellation data components 338 intoa plurality of streams, e.g., including a number of streams equal to thenumber of antennas of transmitter 200 (FIG. 2). For example, streamdivider 336 my divide fine-constellation data components 338 into fourstreams, namely, streams 331, 332, 333, and 334.

In some demonstrative embodiments, divider 336 may divide fineconstellation data components 338 into streams 331, 332, 333, and 334according to the bin-mapping scheme, e.g., scheme 400 (FIG. 4),implemented by bin de-mapper 345. For example, divider 336 may divide asequence of n data components of fine constellation data components 338into streams 331, 332, 333 and 334, such that each of streams 331, 332,333 and 334 includes up to n/4 fine-constellation data componentsde-mapped by de-mapper 345 to different fine frequency bins, e.g., asdescribed above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, PARR de-transformer 315 may include aplurality of inverse transformation modules, for example, four inversetransformation modules 326, 327, 328 and 329, to apply to apply arespective plurality of PARR inverse transformations to streams 331,332, 333, and 334, respectively, to generate streams 321, 322, 323, and324, respectively, including fine-constellation data components. Forexample, each of transformation modules 326, 327, 328 and 329, may applyan inverse of the PARR transformation applied by transformation modules226, 227, 228, and 229 (FIG. 2), respectively. In one example, each ofinverse transformation modules 326, 327, 328, and 329 may multiply thedata components of streams 331, 332, 333 and 334, respectively, by thenormalized Hadamard matrix H_((n/4))′, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, PARR de-transformer 315 may include astream combiner 318 to combine streams 321, 322, 323, and 324 into acombined stream of fine-constellation data components 310. Streamcombiner 318 may use, for example, a generally reverse scheme to thescheme implemented by stream divider 336. For example, combiner 318 maycombine the fine constellation data components of each of streams 321,322, 323, and 324 such that the ordering of fine constellation datacomponents 310 corresponds to the ordering of fine constellation datacomponents 338.

Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which schematically illustrates amethod of wireless video communication, in accordance with somedemonstrative embodiments. In some non-limiting embodiments, one or moreoperations of the method of FIG. 5 may be performed by one or moreelements of a wireless video communication system, e.g., system 100(FIG. 1).

As indicated at block 502, the method may include receiving a videosignal from a video source. For example, transmitter 106 (FIG. 1) mayreceive video signal 104 (FIG. 1) from video source 102 (FIG. 1), e.g.,as described above.

As indicated at block 506, the method may include mapping a plurality ofdata components representing the video signal into a plurality offine-constellation data components and a plurality ofcoarse-constellation data components. For example, mapper 160 (FIG. 1)may map data components 132 (FIG. 1) into fine-constellation datacomponents 136 and coarse-constellation data components 137 (FIG. 1),e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 504, the method may optionally include applying apredefined coefficient-generation transformation to the video signal togenerate a plurality of transformation coefficients representing thevideo, wherein the plurality of data components include the plurality oftransformation coefficients. For example, coefficient generator 151(FIG. 1) may generate data components 132 (FIG. 1) by applying thecoefficient-generation transformation to video signal 104 (FIG. 1). Thecoefficient-generation transformation may include, for example, atransformation from a spatial domain to a frequency domain, e.g., asdescribed above.

As indicated at block 508, the method may include applying to theplurality of fine constellation data components a PARR transform schemeto generate a plurality of transformed data components. A PARcorresponding to the plurality of transformed data components may belower than a PAR corresponding to the plurality of fine-constellationdata components. For example, PARR transformer 114 may generatetransformed fine-constellation data components 116 (FIG. 1), e.g., asdescribed above.

As indicated at block 510, applying the PARR transformation scheme mayinclude, for example, applying a predefined Hadamard transformation tothe fine constellation data components. For example, applying theHadamard transformation may include multiplying a block of a predefinednumber of the fine constellation data components by a predefinedHadamard transformation matrix, e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 518, the method may include constructing awireless transmission frame by mapping the transformed data componentsto a plurality of sets of fine frequency bins, e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 520, the method may include applying a predefinedantenna-mapping transformation to at least one set of transformed datacomponents, which are mapped to a common fine frequency bin. Forexample, applying the antenna-mapping transformation may includemultiplying the set of transformed data components by a Hadamardtransformation matrix having a number of rows equal to a number of aplurality of antennas for transmitting the wireless transmission.

As indicated at block 522, the method may include transmitting thewireless transmission based on the plurality of transformed datacomponents and the plurality of coarse-constellation data components.For example, RF module 118 (FIG. 1) may transmit wireless transmission112 (FIG. 112), e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 512, applying the Hadamard transformation mayinclude dividing the fine constellation data components into a pluralityof streams, wherein a number of the plurality of streams is equal to anumber of the plurality of antennas, wherein each of the streamsincludes fine constellation data components to be mapped to differentfine frequency bins, e.g., as described above with reference to FIG. 2.

As indicated at block 514, applying the Hadamard transformation may alsoinclude applying the Hadamard transformation to the plurality ofstreams, respectively, e.g., as described above with reference to FIG.2.

As indicated at block 516, applying the Hadamard transformation may alsoinclude combining the plurality of streams of fine constellation datacomponents into a single stream, e.g., as described above with referenceto FIG. 2.

Other operations or sets of operations may be used in accordance withsome embodiments.

Some embodiments, for example, may take the form of an entirely hardwareembodiment, an entirely software embodiment, or an embodiment includingboth hardware and software elements. Some embodiments may be implementedin software, which includes but is not limited to firmware, residentsoftware, microcode, or the like.

Furthermore, some embodiments may take the form of a computer programproduct accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable mediumproviding program code for use by or in connection with a computer orany instruction execution system. For example, a computer-usable orcomputer-readable medium may be or may include any apparatus that cancontain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for useby or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, ordevice.

In some embodiments, the medium may be an electronic, magnetic, optical,electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system (or apparatus ordevice) or a propagation medium. Some demonstrative examples of acomputer-readable medium may include a semiconductor or solid statememory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random accessmemory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk, and/or anoptical disk. Some demonstrative examples of optical disks includecompact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk-read/write(CD-R/W), and DVD.

In some embodiments, a data processing system suitable for storingand/or executing program code may include at least one processor coupleddirectly or indirectly to memory elements, for example, through a systembus. The memory elements may include, for example, local memory employedduring actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cachememories which may provide temporary storage of at least some programcode in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved frombulk storage during execution.

In some embodiments, input/output or I/O devices (including but notlimited to keyboards, displays, pointing devices, etc.) may be coupledto the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers. Insome embodiments, network adapters may be coupled to the system toenable the data processing system to become coupled to other dataprocessing systems or remote printers or storage devices, for example,through intervening private or public networks. In some embodiments,modems, cable modems and Ethernet cards are demonstrative examples oftypes of network adapters. Other suitable components may be used.

Functions, operations, components and/or features described herein withreference to one or more embodiments, may be combined with, or may beutilized in combination with, one or more other functions, operations,components and/or features described herein with reference to one ormore other embodiments, or vice versa.

While certain features have been illustrated and described herein, manymodifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents may occur tothose skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that theappended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changesas fall within the true spirit of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: a wireless transmitter totransmit a wireless transmission corresponding to an input video signal,said transmitter comprising: a data-component mapper to map a pluralityof data components representing said video signal into a plurality offine-constellation data components and a plurality ofcoarse-constellation data components; a peak-to-average-ratio-reductiontransformer to generate a plurality of transformed data components byapplying to said plurality of fine constellation data components apredefined peak-to-average-ratio-reduction transform scheme, wherein apeak-to-average-ratio corresponding to said plurality of transformeddata components is lower than a peak-to-average-ratio corresponding tosaid plurality of fine-constellation data components; and aradio-frequency module to generate said wireless transmission based onsaid plurality of transformed data components and said plurality ofcoarse-constellation data components; and a wireless receiver to receivesaid wireless transmission and to generate an output video signalcorresponding to said wireless transmission.
 2. The system of claim 1,wherein said peak-to-average-ratio-reduction transformer is to apply apredefined Hadamard transformation to said fine constellation datacomponents.
 3. The system of claim 2, wherein saidpeak-to-average-ratio-reduction transformer is to multiply a block of apredefined number of said fine constellation data components by apredefined Hadamard transformation matrix.
 4. The system of claim 2,wherein said transmitter comprises a plurality of antennas to transmitsaid wireless transmission, and wherein said radio-frequency modulecomprises a framer to construct a wireless transmission frame of saidtransmission by mapping said transformed data components to a pluralityof sets of fine frequency bins, and to apply a predefinedantenna-mapping transformation to at least one set of transformed datacomponents, which are mapped to a common fine frequency bin.
 5. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein said transmitter comprises a coefficientgenerator to generate a plurality of transformation coefficientsrepresenting said video signal by applying a predefinedcoefficient-generation transformation to said video signal, and whereinsaid plurality of data components comprise said plurality oftransformation coefficients.
 6. The system of claim 1 comprising a videosource to generate said input video signal.
 7. The system of claim 1comprising a video destination to display a video image based on saidoutput video signal.
 8. An apparatus comprising a transmitter totransmit a transmission corresponding to an input signal, saidtransmitter comprising: a plurality of antennas to transmit saidwireless transmission, and a framer to construct a wireless transmissionframe of said transmission by mapping a plurality of data componentscorresponding to said input signal to a plurality of sets frequencybins, each including a common frequency bin of said plurality ofantennas; and to apply a predefined antenna-mapping transformation to atleast one set of said data components, which are mapped to a commonfrequency bin, to generate a set of transformed data components, whereina peak-to-average-ratio corresponding to said set of transformed datacomponents is lower than a peak-to-average-ratio corresponding to saidset of data components.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said frameris to multiply said set of transformed data components by a Hadamardtransformation matrix having a number of rows equal to a number of saidplurality of antennas.